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Microsoft Windowscommonly referred to as Windowsis biild group of sindows graphical operating system families, all of which are читать полностью, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry. If you have installed the trial version of Windows 7 bit or bit, it provides 30 days of trial.
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As you can see in the image below that, I got the download link from 4shared. Step 5. Once you have downloaded the file, extract it on your desktop using any software like Winrar7-zip, etc.
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You can see the image below when I activated my windows using windpws loader, and the image is blurry because I captured it from my old youtube video. Now I hope that you have successfully activated windows and I am happy about it.
If you are happy, please tell me in the comments below. You can also change the desktop background using a pack of wallpaper build-in, or you can also choose a particular photo from your pc to windows 7 build 7601 crack free free it as the background. This feature is great.
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NOTE : If you want to know how to activate windows 10 pro windows 7 build 7601 crack free free, any version, you can comment below. I will write a post on it.
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When you enter the command type slmgr —rearm, it will ask you to restart your pc, just restart your pc. When your pc restarts, run cmd prompt as administrator again and type -ato and hit the Enter key. Now you will see a pop-up message that your windows is activated successfully. But only 30 days. Bkild activated windows 7 pro edition from phone call to Microsoft successful activated /27175.txt 25 August from India.
Thanks alot. I Tried the first one and it worked. Thanks it works on my License Win7 Pro but sad to say their bbuild no more activation for Win7 nowadays in the year but thanks to this I can still activate my Win7. Hey this really worked. I tried both of them and both of them worked. Can you add windows 10 pro too. Thank you. Worked, forgot to activate my dumpster dive pc.
But Windows 7 build 7601 crack free free Won!!!! Thank You Jaspreet. I then tried to auto update to Windows builld which is in progress. Wanted to ask you how to get all Win 7 updates after loader file — is this possible please? Rcack use the cmd method, does the computer in question need to be connected to the internet?
Thank узнать больше so much does this method work on all windows operating systems or just windows 7 ultimate amazing it has helped me a lot.? It works for method 2. Looking forward for your method on windkws to upgrade to windows 10 for free with genuine window 7.
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Free and complete program to download, convert and recorder images, audio and video files with different formats. One of the best programs to convert video files to different formats and to different audio files formats. This program, which supports all popular video formats, allows you to quickly and easily edit video files.
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Then, when sales workstation read the database, they will know that they must execute this policy and the new program will be installed.
I hope this example allows you to understand why Active Directory is so useful and why almost any medium-big organization in the world uses it. And… what happens if someone can steal the password of an IT user? Could she change the other users passwords? And access to the database? First of all, what we have been calling an Active Directory network is what is usually known as a Domain.
A domain is a set of connected computers that shares an Active Directory database, which is managed by the central servers of a domain, that are called Domain Controllers. Each domain has a DNS name. In many companies, the name of the domain is the same as their web site, for example contoso. For example, the domain contoso. Using a DNS name is very useful, since it allows to create subdomains for management purposes. For example, a company can have a root domain called contoso.
Active Directory offers many ways to organize your infrastructure, as you will notice, so how an organization uses subdomains varies from one to another, some create subdomains for departments, while others use them for different offices.
This tree of domains is known as Forest. The name of the forest is the same as the name of the root domain of the tree. In a forest, each domain has its own database and its own Domain Controllers. However, users of a domain in the forest can also access to the other domains of the forest. This implies that, even if a domain can be autonomous, without the need to interact with other domains, it is not isolated from a security perspective, since as we will see, user from a domain can access to resources of other domains in the same forest by default.
However, the users of a forest cannot access to resources from other forests by default, so the logical structure that can provide security isolation is the forest. As I said before, each domain have its own Domain Controllers , so if a department grows incredibly, you may need dedicated Domain Controllers that process the requests of all computers in that department.
You can achieve that by creating a new subdomain, and the users will still be able to access computers in others subdomains of the same forest. The modes are named based on the minimum Windows Server operative system required to work with them. There are the following functional modes :. You must be aware of the mode in order to use some characteristics of the domain, for example, the Protected Users group requires a WindowsR2 mode.
The users can access to other domains in the same forests because they are linked by connections called Trusts.
A trust is a connection from a domain to another. You may be able to reach computers on the network that are in others domains, but you cannot log in on those computers with your user of this domain. That is what a trust allows you to do. A trust is a directed relation where one side is the trusting and the other the trusted.
When this link is established, the users of the trusted domain can access to the resources of the trusting domain. The trust direction is the opposite to the access direction. You can think that if you trust your friend, you allow her to access to your house and eat your food when she needs it.
When a trust is directed through your current domain in called an Inbound or Incoming trust. Incoming trusts allow users of your domain to access the other domain. On the other hand there are Outbound or Outgoing trusts, that go from your domain to the other. Therefore the users of the other domain can access to your domain. And when two domains are connected by both an incoming and an outgoing trust, it is said that they are linked by a bidirectional trust even if there are really two trusts.
Here we can see that our current domain is poke. The outbound trust with contoso. Moreover, there is a second bidirectional trust with it. Consequently, if we check the trust of contoso. So users of contoso. Moreover, a trust can be transitive or nontransitive. A nontransitive trust can only be used by the two sides of the trust, the trusting and the trusted. Whereas a transitive trust can act as a bridge and being used for third domains connected with the domains that are connected by the transitive trust.
Therefore, in relation with the domains in the same forest , all the domains users can access to other domains cause all the parent and child domains are connected through bidirectional transitive trusts. This way, any domain of the forest can traverse the required trusts to access to other domain in the same forests. In a forest, to allow access from any domain to any other, all the parents and children are connected by a bidirectional transitive trust.
So to access to computers of hr. In Active Directory there are several trust types for different purposes:. Technically, when you use a trust, there is a communication between the domain controller of your domain and the domain controller of the target domain or of an intermediary domain. How communication is made varies depending of the protocol that is being used which could be NTLM, Kerberos, etc , but in any case, the domain controllers needs to share a key to keep the communications secure.
This key is known as the trust key and it's created when the trust is established. The trust key is then stored as if it was the password of the trust user in the NT hash and Kerberos keys.
To know how trusts can be abused in a pentest, you can check the following posts a little knowledge in Kerberos is also recommended to read them :. One of the key points for using Active Directory is the users management. Every organization manages its users in different ways, setting for them name formats, assigning different permissions, etc.
To easily manage the users in Active Directory, their are stored as a objects in the central database that can be consulted and manipulated from any point of the domain if you have enough rights. The user object stores many different data, but the first attributes to be taken into account are those that allows us to identify an user. For identifying an user usually the username is used, that is stored in the SamAccountName attribute. Some tools display the SID in their output instead of the username since its used in some structures like security descriptors , so you should be aware of its format in order to identify it.
Moreover, the database also needs to store the user secrets in order to allow the Domain Controller to authenticate the user. The user password is not stored in plaintext, but the following secrets derived from it are saved:. Needless to say, that user secrets cannot be retrieved by non admin users.
Not even the domain computers can access to them, but leave the authentication to the Domain Controller. These hashes, both LM and NT are 16 bytes long. The procedure to create an LM hash is the following:. On the other hand, the NT hash is a little stronger, but a salt is not used to calculate it, so it can be cracked by using precomputed values like rainbow tables. In case of LM is not being used, its value will be aad3bbeeaad3bbee the LM hash of an empty string.
It is important for a pentester to recognize NT hashes since, even they are not the user passwords, are used for authenticate in Windows machines, so they are very useful. They can be used to perform Pass-The-Hash or Overpass-the-Hash attacks in order to impersonate users in remote machines.
Additionally, you can try to crack the LM and NT hashes with hashcat to recover the original password. If you are lucky and the LM hash is present, this should be quickly.
The Kerberos keys can be used to ask for a Kerberos ticket that represents the user in Kerberos authentication. There are several different keys, and different ones are used for different Kerberos encryption support:.
These keys can be used in a Pass-The-Key attack to retrieve a ticket for the impersonated user. Then you can use that Kerberos ticket to authenticate against different services of the domain on behalf of the user. One interesting property of the user class is the UserAccountControl UAC do not confuse it with the User Account Control mechanism to avoid executing elevated programs in Windows machines.
The UserAccountControl property contains a series of flags that are very relevant for the security and the domain and used in many attacks mentioned in this post.
Here are the most relevant:. There is no need to have an special privilege to list users, any user can do it. As you may notice, my test domain is little with very few users, but in a real engagement there will be hundreds or thousands of users. So it should be important to distinguish what are the really important. This could be a little tricky since it depends on the organization, but usually members of the IT team use to have privileged users, they need it to do their work.
Moreover, by default the built-in Administrator user is the most privileged account of the domain. It can perform any action in any computer. So if you are able to compromise this account, you can have total control of the domain and even the forest by using the SID history attack. Additionally, the krbtgt account is very important too.
Its secrets NT hash and Kerberos keys are used to encrypt the tickets specifically the TGTs used by Kerberos that allows to authenticate users. If you are able to compromise the krbtgt account, you will be able of create Golden Tickets.
Usually, this account can only be compromised by dumping the domain database, since its only used in the Domain Controllers, which will require that you have administrator privileges in the domain. Another thing to take into account is that in a organization, each person has its own user, and even certain people like the IT department could have more than user per person to perform different tasks.
Moreover, also each computer of the domain has its own user , since they also need to perform their own actions in the domain, like for instance, update the Group Policies, verify the credentials of domain users logged in the computer, etc.
The difference between user accounts and computers accounts is that the firsts are stored as instances of User class in the database whereas the others are stored as instances of Computer class which is a subclass of User class. As you can see, there are many more users than using the Get-ADUser command, since subclasses of User class are now included.
You can appreciate that new accounts finish with a dollar sign and seems to have a computer name. Moreover, the computer objects also saved information about their operating system, that can be retrieved from the attributes OperatingSystem or OperatingSystemVersion.
Also, many organizations have rules to choose the name of the computers as well as the users, so if you are able to make sense of the names, you may be aware of the use of the computer and user accounts and which of the can be privileged or contain access to sensible information. Additionally you can check another attributes of the objects like Description in order to find more information there and even cleartext passwords.
When an trust is established, an associated user object is created in each domain to store the trust key. If you can get the secrets of this account, you can create inter-realm Kerberos tickets. But the management of users can be cumbersome without groups. Imagine that you have the managers department that needs to access to highly sensitive documents.
Should you give permission to each manager one by one? A lot of work, but you can handle it because only a new manager is added each year. But now the policy changes and managers should also be able to access to documents of human resources department.
Should you change all the permissions of the managers one by one? No, that is too much work, and is pretty bored. The solution is to use groups. In this case you could have a "Manager" group where the manager users are added, and when the policy changes you have to add or remove permissions for the group.
As well as users, the groups are stored in the domain database. As attacker, one of the most juicy groups is the Domain Admins group, that gives administrator privileges to its members in the domain, so being aware of who is this group is important.
But there are also other important groups that can give you a lot of privileges, and ones even more. This is the case of the Enterprise Admins group, which provides administrator privileges in all the forest. The Enterprise Admins is a group that only exists in the root domain of the forest, but is added by default to the Administrators group of the all the domains in the forest. On the other hand, the Domain Admins group is added to the Administrators group of the domain, as well as the Administrators groups of the domain computers.
But there are other important groups to be taken into account:. The Protected Users group allows to enforce the security of accounts. Their members are not allowed to:. There are many other groups described in Microsoft docs. Moreover, many organizations add custom groups that can be also very privileged, like those used by the IT members.
Moreover, many software especially Microsoft software add its own groups for management, like Exchange , that can add privileged groups like Exchange Windows Permissions , that can allow an user to perform a DCSync attack if not correctly updated. In Active Directory there are three different types of groups based on their scope. To understand them will allow to comprehend how domains and forest can be managed:. Apart from that, you should be also know that domain groups and domain users can be members of computer local groups.
For example, the Domain Admins group is added by default to the Administrators local group of a machine. Of course, the computers are central a piece of Active Directory. As we have said, they are the machines were all the operations occurs, but also users of the Active Directory, that needs to be connected with the Domain Controllers.
That means that is responsible of keeping the domain database with all the information about domain objects and offering the Active Directory services, such as authentication, authorization, name resolution, etc. Is a Windows Server machine. Therefore if someone steals this file, she can access to all the information about the objects of the domain computers, users, group, policies, etc , including users credentials.
Therefore, the access to this file, and to the Domain Controllers should be restricted to the domain administrators. This contrasts with the fact that any computer in the domain must be able to talk with the Domain Controller in order to ask for information of this database.
So the Domain Controller at least one of them should be reachable from any part of the network. Usually, in a domain there is more than one Domain Controller, in order to distribute the workload and prevent single point of failures. Additionally, as any other database server, Domain Controllers must be synchronized with each other to keep the data up to date. It is clear that domains controller are one of the most important pieces of Active Directory, and due to this, they are often targeted in a pentest, so it is important to identify them, which is not very difficult.
Due to the wide range of services offered by the domain controller, there are many ways to identify the domain controllers of a domain. One possibility that doesn't require any type of authentication is to make a simple DNS query asking for the LDAP servers of the domain which are the domain controllers :. Also, you can use some system utility like nltest to get the domain controllers, but you require have an user.
Moreover, if you do a port scan of a machine and the result is similar to the following, surely is a domain controller:.
This output show a lot of ports open. Here is a brief description of the service offer by each port:. Depending on the DC configuration you can also find the port open, which allows RDP connections or many other services.
Finally, in case you become the administrator of the domain, you may want to dump the contents of the domain controller database in order to read some sensitive data such as the krbtgt user credentials in order to create Golden tickets. In order to extract the contents of the database, you can log in on the domain controller and dumping the NTDS.
Be careful launching a DCSync attack, since if you request all the credentials in a big domain, the DC that is responding could run out of memory and crash!! The first option, in case you domain have credentials, could be to query the domain database through LDAP , that can give you both the computer names and even the operating system.
Another techniques, in case you don't have credentials, can involve scans of the network. Windows computers have several ports open by default and they are not usually protected by a firewall in a domain environment.
Also, a very popular service that listens in the port is SMB , heavily used for Windows computers to communicate each other. You can perform an port scan to discover Windows computers and you can even take advantage of the NTLM authentication negotiation to retrieve the machine name.
You can perform an scan with ntlm-info or nmap smb-os-discovery script. Once you discover other Windows machines, you may need to connect to them in order grab credentials or data. Usually you will need to execute commands on the remote machine to perform your actions. There are a few options to achieve this. This is the method used by many known tools such as PsExec and the impacket examples psexec.
Normally, the tools only require the port SMB open in order to execute commands, but some like wmiexec. The impacket tools have a parameter to use the NT or LM hash directly, whereas in order to use it with PsExec, you must inject the NT hash in the Windows session with mimikatz.
This way you are using NTLM as authentication mechanism, which may not the best option since in Active Directory, Kerberos is used by default. To use Kerberos you need to provide a Kerberos ticket to the mentioned tools. In the case of impacket, you can set a ccache file to being used by impacket , whereas in Windows you will need to inject the ticket in the session by using mimikatz or Rubeus.
You should take into account that Windows and Linux machines and the tools oriented to them use different ticket file formats so you may have problems moving Linux tickets to a Windows machine or vice versa.
This is cause Kerberos authentication uses the hostname to identify the service of the remote machine and provide the right ticket to authenticate against it. The Powershell remoting service listens in the port and is enabled by default in the Windows Server machines. From a Linux machine you can use evil-winrm. With evil-winrm, you can pass them to the application as a parameters or configure the ccache file as in impacket.
In case of the Powershell cmdlets, you can use a password directly, but if you have a Kerberos ticket or a NT hash, you will need to inject them by using Rubeus or mimikatz. From Linux there are excellent clients like rdesktop , freerdp or remmina. Due to this to use RDP you are required to use the user password and it is not possible to perform a Pass-The-Hash… by default. As we have mentioned, when connection through RDP the credentials are cached in the target machine , susceptible to being stolen from the lsass process with tools like mimikatz.
The credentials are cached in order to being reused to network connections from the target machine, but sometimes this is unnecessary, so in Windows 8. From Linux, you can use freerdp to perform a Pass-The-Hash with RDP you need to install the freerdp2-x11 freerdp2-shadow-x11 packages instead of freerdp-x11 as the article said.
You only need to provide the NT hash instead of the password. On the other hand, from Windows you can inject a NT hash or Kerberos ticket with mimikatz or Rubeus and then use mstsc. The LSASS process is on charge of manage the security related operations of the computer, including users authentication. When an user performs an interactive logon in the computer, by accessing physically to the computer or through RDP , the user credentials get cached in the LSASS process in order to use SSO Single Sign-On when network logon will be required to access to other domain computers.
Be aware that remote users authenticated through NTLM or Kerberos will not let cached credentials in the computer in the lsass process , since those protocols don't really sent the user credentials to the computer except if Kerberos delegation is enabled , but a proof, that can be either a NTLM hash or Kerberos ticket generated with the credentials.
In summary, you cannot extract from lsass with mimikatz the credentials of remote users authenticated with NTLM or Kerberos. Some SSPs are the following:.
Therefore, if we are able to access to the LSASS process memory, for which the SeDebugPrivilege is required usually hold by administrators since lsass is system process, we can retrieve the cached credentials.
As we have seen, these cached credentials include the NT hash of the user, the Kerberos keys and tickets, and even the user password in plaintext in some old or misconfigured machines. We can launch mimikatz directly in the target machine, or dumping the LSASS memory with some tool like procdump , comsvcs.
It is possible also to use lsassy to read a dump remotely avoiding to have to download the entire memory dump, that can take several megabytes. To extract credentials with mimikatz, there are a few commands you should know. They will retry different secrets from the logged users:. Usually only the administrators have this privilege but if another user gets this privilege she can become administrator. By default is enabled in Powershell and disabled in CMD and therefore in their child processes.
If you are launching mimikatz, you can enable it by using the privilege::debug command. In other case you can launch the process with Powershell using powershell.
This could be achieved by Credential Guard , that uses the hypervisor technology to store the credentials in a safer place outside of the operative system. However Credential Guard can be bypassed.
Additionally, lsass. Even if this makes more difficult the credentials extraction, it can be disabled. Other location to find credentials is the registry. In the registry the computer stores some credentials required in order to work properly.
One of the places where sensible credentials are stored is in the LSA secrets. Thus, the computer can authenticate the domain user even if the connection with the domain controllers is lost.
And the other place where there are credentials is the SAM hive file, that contains the NT hashes of the local users of the computer. This could be useful since sometimes organizations set the same local Administrator password in the domain computers. Also execute privilege::debug if required to enable the SeDebugPrivilege. An alternative is to save a copy of the hive files with reg save command, move them to our machine, and finally to get the content with impacket secretsdump script or mimikatz.
First you need to dump the registry hives. Once the hives were saved, then move then to your local machine and dump them with secretsdump:. The Dumping cached domain logon information section contains the Domain Cached Credentials.
ACC contains the computer account password encoded in hexadecimal , as well the NT hash. The section DefaultPassword contains the Auto-logon password. These keys allow to decrypt the user files. In this case, the mysql service. We don't know the username of the service user, but we can check it in the computer. Apart from the LSASS process and registry, you can also search for credentials in other places like the Powershell history of users. You can use the following commands to locate and read the Powershell history.
Also, as a tip, you may want to use the following command to avoid storing your own commands in the Powershell history. Moreover, you can also search for credentials in scripts or configuration files located in the computer. There are also a lot of software like browsers that stores credentials that could be useful in a pentest, to check a good list of software that stores its credentials you can check the LaZagne project.
Alternatively, in a pentest or red team engagement, you could also use another techniques to get credentials like set keyloggers or fake SSP modules.
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